Tari sarat filosofi dan histori sebagai lambang kasih dan cinta, juga pengabdian kepada Sang Pencipta.
Pulau Jawa sejak dahulu telah dikenal akan seni budayanya yang tinggi, salah satunya adalah seni tari. Salah satu kesenian yang dianggap agung dan sakral, dan hingga kini tetap dipertahankan originalitasnya, terutama di Keraton Solo, adalah Tari Bedoyo Ketawang.
Sebuah tarian langit
’Bedoyo’ bila dirunut berdasarkan asal katanya, berasal dari bahasa Sanskerta budh yang berarti ’pikiran’ atau ’budi’, yang juga berarti ’budaya’. Pendapat lain menyatakan bahwa ’bedoyo’ artinya adalah bidadari’, sedangkan ’ketawang’ berarti ’langit’. Jadi tari Bedoyo Ketawang bisa diartikan sebagi ’Tarian Langit’; menggambarkan pergerakan bintang-bintang di langit. Itu sebabnya, tarian yang berlangsung sekitar 1,5 jam ini memiliki gerak tari yang sangat perlahan dan anggun dengan iringan gending Jawa yang monotonik. Karena disebut juga tarian langit, maka tari ini juga dapat memiliki penafsiran sebagai upacara pemujaan kepada Sang Pencipta.
Menurut legenda, tari Bedoyo Ketawang tercipta sebagai penggambaran kisah Panembahan Senopati yang menjadi Raja Mataram I saat menjalani meditasi di Pantai Selatan. Menurut Sulistyo Tirtokusumo, Direktur Seni Pertunjukan Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional, Tari Bedoyo juga diartikan sebagai Tari Kesuburan; dengan penjabaran bahwa manusia sebagai makhluk ciptaan Tuhan harus menghargai alam sekitarnya. Alam sudah memberikan begitu banyak sumber dayanya kepada manusia, oleh karena itu manusia perlu menghargai dan menjaga alam semesta agar tetap lestari.
(Foto: karatonsurakarta.com)
Keagungan yang tak berubah
Bedoyo Ketawang selama bertahun-tahun digelar setahun sekali di Keraton Solo, untuk memperingati hari penobatan sultan atau raja. Begitu agungnya tarian ini, bahkan ketika keraton Solo terbakar beberapa tahun lalu, tari Bedoyo Ketawang tetap digelar walaupun dipindahkan ke lokasi keraton yang tidak ikut terbakar.
Siapa saja pada dasarnya boleh datang ke keraton untuk menonton tarian ini sebagai salah satu cara untuk melestarikan dan memperkenalkan tarian tradisional kepada masyarakat umum. Meski demikian, ada aturan-aturan yang harus dipatuhi saat berkunjung ke dalam keraton, antara lain harus mengenakan pakaian yang sopan, tidak makan dan minum, juga tetap hening selama acara berlangsung.
Gambar: karatonsurakarta.com
Dari tujuh menjadi sembilan penari
Bedoyo Ketawang ditarikan oleh sembilan penari, yang seluruhnya merupakan penari-penari pilihan keraton yang sudah mempelajari tarian ini sejak usia dini. Beberapa seniman tari yang pernah menarikan tarian bedoyo antara lain Retno Maruti dan Irawati Kusumoasri.
Penari yang berjumlah 9 orang dianggap melambangkan 9 arah mata angin. Hal ini sesuai dengan kepercayaan masyarakat Jawa pada peradaban klasik, sebagai penggambaran 9 dewa yang menguasai sembilan arah mata angin yang disebut juga sebagai Nawasanga, yang terdiri dari: Wisnu (Utara), Sambu (Timur Laut), Iswara (Timur), Mahesora (Tenggara), Brahma (Selatan), Rudra (Barat Daya), Mahadewa (Barat), Sengkara (Barat Laut), dan Siwa (Tengah). Sembilan orang penari juga dianggap sebagai perlambang keseimbangan alam; yaitu keseimbangan antara mikrokosmos (jagat kecil) dan makrokosmos (jagat besar).
Suci lahir dan batin
Selain suci lahiriah, para penari Bedoyo juga dituntut untuk suci secara batin. Hal ini dapat dicapai dengan menjalani puasa selama beberapa hari, terutama menjelang pergelaran. Melalui puasa, para penari diharapkan dapat menari dengan sebaik-baiknya dan tetap berkonsentrasi hingga tarian selesai. Sebagai penyempurna penampilan, para penari harus mempersiapkan diri dengan meratus rambut dan kain busana tarinya, melulur tubuh, maupun perawatan lainnya agar aura mereka dapat terpancar.
Busana dan tata rias untuk Bedoyo Ketawang ini tidak kalah menariknya. Para penari didandani secara khusus layaknya pengantin, dengan mengenakan kain dodot, samparan, serta sondher (selendang). Dodot adalah kain yang panjangnya bisa mencapai 3,75 hingga 4 meter, dikenakan seperti kemben. Sebelum mengenakan dodot, penari memakai samparan, yaitu kain pelapis bagian bawah, dikenakan dengan cara dililit dari kiri ke kanan. Sisa kain biasanya dibentuk sebagai wiru, membentuk semacam ekor. Seluruh busana tari ini tidak dijahit, sehingga untuk memakainya hanya dililitkan secara berlapis-lapis pada tubuh para penari. Rambut penari ditata dengan sanggul dan paes, juga dihias dengan untaian melati.
Selama menari, para penari tidak boleh menghentikan gerakan biarpun hanya sebentar. Apabila busana yang mereka kenakan bergeser ataupun terlepas, di sekitar para penari sudah berjaga para abdi yang dengan cekatan akan memperbaiki busana mereka. Setelah tarian usai, barulah para penari bisa merasa lega dan bebas karena tugas mulianya telah berakhir.
Artikel pernah dimuat di Majalah BCA Prioritas edisi 46/2012.
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